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Year: 1961 Publisher: Baltimore: Johns Hopkins press,
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Year: 1963 Publisher: Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall,
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ISBN: 2406110591 9782406110583 2406110583 9782406110590 Year: 2021 Publisher: Paris: Classiques Garnier,
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ISBN: 2072886651 9782072886652 Year: 2014 Publisher: Paris: Gallimard,
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La pandémie restera dans l'histoire comme l'un de ces moments où tout a changé. L'explosion des dettes et des liquidités se conjugue avec des rivalités internationales de plus en plus vives : l'expression « guerre des monnaies » est devenue banale et un retour de la guerre froide est couramment évoqué. Les tentations populistes et les rivalités de puissance interdisent de concevoir l'avenir comme un prolongement de la mondialisation. Il y a aujourd'hui trois grands continents, la Chine, l'Union européenne et les États-Unis, et trois grandes monnaies, le dollar, l'euro et le yuan. Économie et géopolitique sont, comme le montre l'histoire, toujours étroitement mêlées, leur tâche conjointe est d'inventer l'internationalisme qui évitera la guerre et établira la paix au XXIe siècle.
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Year: 1993 Publisher: London: Centre for economic policy research:
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ISBN: 0754610543 Year: 2000 Publisher: Aldershot : Ashgate,
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Year: 1975 Publisher: Brussels : Ministry of Foreign Affairs, External Trade and Cooperation in Development,
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Year: 2018 Publisher: Washington DC : International Monetary Fund,
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"Despite a long history of program engagement, the Fund has not developed guidance on program design in members of currency unions. The Fund has engaged with members of the four currency unions-the Central African Economic and Monetary Community, the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union, the European Monetary Union, and the West African Economic and Monetary Union-under Fund-supported programs. In some cases, union-wide institutions supported their members in undertaking adjustment under Fund-supported programs. As such, several programs incorporated-on an ad hoc basis-critical policy actions that union members had delegated. Providing general guidance on program design for members in a currency union context would fill a gap in Fund policy and help ensure consistent, transparent, and evenhanded treatment across Fund-supported programs.This paper considers two options on when and how the Fund should seek policy assurances from union-level institutions in programs of currency union members. Option 1 would involve amending the Conditionality Guidelines, which would allow the use of standard conditionality tools with respect to actions by union-level institutions. Option 2-which staff prefers-proposes formalizing current practices and providing general guidance regarding principles and modalities on policy assurances from union-level institutions in support of members' adjustment programs. Neither option would infringe upon the independence (or legally-provided autonomy) of union-level institutions, since the institutions would decide what measures or policy actions to take-just as any independent central bank or monetary authority does, for example, in non-CU members.".
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ISBN: 3781910512 Year: 1972 Publisher: Frankfurt am Main Knapp Verlag
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